Media industries
Film - The film industry or motion picture industry comprises the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking for example it includes these media sectors film production companies, film studios, cinematography, animation, and other sectors. When creating a film, there are 3 stages the production team must follow for it to be created successfully. Stage one is pre-production where all the documents that are needed before the actual film making can start are used. For example, documents such as a story treatment template, script breakdown template budget template, character profile, talent release agreement, storyboard template and a professional shot list. Stage two is when all the actual shooting and recording happens — with cameras, actors, and location licenses. This is called the production phase. The final stage is called the postproduction stage where footage is cut, music, sound and commentary are mixed and visual effects are added. Some popular film products produced are Titanic, Wizard of oz and the lion king.
Tv- The tv industry includes any production that includes broadcasting through radio or tv. Television is a mass medium for advertising, entertainment, news, and sports. Examples of media products they produce are broadcasting networks such as channel 5,4 and BBC1. Television is similar to film in a sense that both must go through the production phases however with films they are usually creating shorter more frequent episodes of the show meaning their production phases will have to be used each individual time something is being filmed for that tv show. Examples of popular tv shows are Stranger Things, Game of thrones and the Walking dead.
Animation- Animation is a collection of images used to create the illusion of movement. Animated films are illustrations photographed frame-by-frame and then played in quick succession to create an animation. Examples of animation are Simpsons, Shrek, and Toy Story.
Interactive media- Interactive media refers to products and services on digital computer-based systems which respond to the user's actions by presenting content such as text, moving image, animation, video, and audio. It also allows other people to process and share information or how they communicate with one another. Examples of interactive media are YouTube and Tik Tok.
Publishing- Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software, and other content available to the public for sale or for free.
Press- refers to all the newspapers, TV programs, radio shows, and other means of communication that make up the news media. Examples of the press are the sun daily mail and BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation).
Computer games industry- The video game industry is the economic sector manufacturing company's business. It might promote necessary resources, equipment, or technology to keep a manufacturing company going. Examples of computer games are Resident Evil 4 and Hades.
Marketing industry- Marketing industry encompasses traditional marketing channels, such as events and direct mail, as well as digital channels, e.g., social media, mobile, and video. This includes social media sites such as twitter nad Instagram.
Advertising- Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service. Advertising aims to put a product or service in the spotlight in hopes of drawing it attention from consumers. Advertising is most commonly used to sell or promote a product. There can be many different forms of advertisements. For example print advertisements, digital and web advertisements.
Film job roles:
Creative: There are many different creative roles in the film sector for example being a film director if you are a film director you play an essential creative role in ensuring that the production is successful as it is their vision throughout the entire process of the film being made.
Management – Managing in film can come in my many different roles. The different managerial roles in film include film production manager, director and scriptwriter these people all manage different things within their job sector. For example a production manger —officially called a unit production manager by the Directors Guild of America—is responsible for budgets, shooting schedules, and managing the day-to-day business side of a production. The production manager also oversees what's known as “below-the-line” crew.
Technical – is composition & mise-en-scene editing, sound effects & music, camera work, lighting & color, and props & locations. Technical job roles in film require skill and being able to use different equipment such as camera’s. Techinal jobs are vital during film production when being able to work on the production of the set. Technical job roles include camera operator, sound technician and lighting editor.
Editorial - The editorial department includes all film/video editing functions other than the main editor. This includes assistant editors, additional editors and editorial consultants or supervisors.
Legal- Film legal sector making sure everything is legal and not copywrite. People that work in the legal sector in film have to ensure that the film is protected and that film directors and producers make their money from their film. Job roles in the legal sector are legal proffesional support laywers.
Marketing- Job roles in the marketing sector that releate to the film industry is social media manger, editors and research marketers. These job roles all contribute to the film industry as with a social media mager theyre job is to hone in on personal interests by connecting with fans while building awareness of their product. Which allows studios to be more intricate and involved with their movie campaigns by building their brand awareness and bringing awarness to their movie.
Finance- Film finance is an aspect of film production that occurs during the development stage prior to pre-production and is concerned with determining the potential value of a proposed film. Job roles in film within the finance sector could be Finance controllers who oversee the team that makes sure a production is legally and financially managed. They have a high level of authority, to the extent they can even override a producer with their decisions
Recruitment- National Press- Newspapers which concern national events of a country collectively. This applies directly to the film sector as a job that concerns the national press in the film industry is journalism for film is type of national press media.
Trade press- Trade press is printed media that is written and published for a particular industry. This relates to film as there could be different trade press magazines written about a particular film for example the magazine trade journal international showcases different films.
Networking is the process of making connections and building relationships often in the particular media sector you are interested in working in. When it comes to film networking is something imperative you need to do in order for your career to take off as the more people you know within the industry could impact the amount of work you have as recommendations are something that would help you in the film industry.
Social media is a series of interactive apps that help you contact different people and share information. Promoting your films and individual projects on social media can help you with recruitment opportunities as it can allow you to share your work with others and possibly gain attention to any of your own personal projects which will help you with recruitment.
Word of mouth- is when someone is telling you information. This can help in the film industry as if someone recommends you are more likely to get the job and therefore gain experience.
Employment websites -You can use to find work in the film industry there are lots of different employments websites you can use to get recruited however having personal projects and prior work experience will ultimately help you as well and even make employers keener to hire you.
Personal websites- In film having a personal website is good as it shows your own work and your individuality as a potential filmmaker it can help you in the recruitment sector as it allows potential employers to see your strengths and why they should hire you.
Contract of employment- Contracts of employments are contracts two people use the employer and employee to confirm that someone is available to do a certain job. For example when it is a film director contract it is imperative to make sure the contract includes :The employer's name and address, the employee's job title and brief job description, place of work, date of agreement, start date and duration, hours of work and holiday entitlement, termination and notice periods, optional benefits such as sick pay.
This is an example of a film production contract agreement.
Full time employment- Film makers can have full time employment which means they will have guaranteed and contracted hours with a monthly wage. You could be hired as a permanent film maker for a company however most film makers do free-lance work. Full time employment means you work more than 35hours a week.
Part time employment – Film makers can be employed part time but most work 40 hours a week depending on their schedules. A part time job within the film sector could include a production manager when they do things like managing the film schedule and or production meetings meaning they aren't required to work more. An example of part time employment in film is a film technical coordinator who has to be responsible for the coordination and management of 3 distinct technical areas within the Screen School – film & TV and sound & music.
Casual labor- Casual labor is when you have a contract you can end at any time. Casual employment in the film industry is a producer where they can manage client relationships, budget and different workflows between clients.
Temporary contract - Temporary contracts are offered when a contract is not expected to become permanent. Usually they would have some form of end date included, however, these may be subject to change. As such, temporary workers may have their contracts extended in line with demand and availability. In film a temporary contract may be used for an assistant manager.
Permanent contract - A permanent contract, an employee agrees to provide their services on a continual basis to meet the contract requirements. Permanent contracts do not have an end date unless the employee resigns or the employer terminates the contract (e.g. due to redundancy or dismissal).
Volunteer- Volunteers do not have a contract and typically work without pay. In the film industry voluntary work made include shadowing film makers and assistant directors.
Freelance - An individual who makes money on a per-job basis is a freelancer. They usually earn on a per-task basis and generally work for a short time. In simpler terms, they do not work for a firm. A freelance filmmaker is someone who creates films without the help of a studio or production company.
Self employment- Self employment is when you are employed by yourself. In the film industry extras are always self employed.
Finding employment opportunities
Show reel- is a short video highlighting a person's previous work used by many kinds of people involved in filmmaking and other media, including actors, animators, lighting designers, editors, and models. Film makers typically will make show reels to communicate and grow their network.
Portfolio – Collections of your work to showcase your talent and the work you have done they can in the form of a website or a physical artist case.
Social media – You can find employment opportunities on social media which has benefited film makers as because of the rise in popularity social media has had you can now find multiple different job.
CV- When creating a CV for being a film director is it imperative to make sure you use any work experience or qualificatio ns you may have gained your cv needs to be a representation of yourself and you need to be able to sell it.
This an example of a cv written for the position of a film director.
Letters of application- A letter of application is yet another name for a cover letter or job application letter. You submit it with your resume to apply for jobs. It is a one-page letter intended to explain why you are a perfect fit for the advertised position. In the film industry, to get a job using a letter of application, certain things can include mentioning your expertise in that area. Look for keywords in the job description, and then include the ones most relevant to you in your cover letter. Include all the jobs that you may have done throughout your career.
References- You'll usually need a reference from your old employer when you are looking for a new job. If your employer gives you a reference, they can make it as short as they like. A lot of references only say what your job title was and when you worked there. The reference must be accurate. In the film industry the reference can include previous films you have worked on and different projects you have taken part in.
Interview techniques
Self-presentation- Talk about the previous films and projects you may have filmed and/or created.
Interview techniques- There are different interview techniques a budding film director can use when being interviewed. The main technique is to talk about your past films you have directed and made. It is also essential that you show knowledge of how films are created initially and how you personally make them.
Increasing job opportunities-
Education and Training- Producers and directors typically need a bachelor's degree in film or cinema studies or a related field, such as arts management, business, communications technology, or theater. In film or cinema studies programs, students learn about film history, editing, screenwriting, cinematography, and the filmmaking process.
Work shadowing- Work shadowing involves observing a professional to gain a better understanding of the role. In the film industry
Work experience- To gain work experience for being a film director you can go through local companies, film councils, film charities, film job sites and social media.
Work shadowing - After securing the necessary minimum days of on-the-job training, join the Directors Guild with a signatory production company. Work your way up the ladder. Some companies allow you to shadow a director, which gives you valuable training.
Continuing professional development- It is the process of tracking and documenting the skills, knowledge, and experience that you gain both formally and informally as you work, beyond any initial training. This works with the film industry as it is about the skills that you pick up along the way for the film industry. Screen skills are a good set of skills to learn throughout the film industry especially when it comes to CPD (Continuing Professional Development).
Updating employment records – it is the process of always keeping your records together and keeping file of the different jobs. This relates to the film industry as it is important that you keep a record of all your employment history.
Professional behaviour -
Professionalism - The competence or skill of being a professional. In the film industry a professional is someone that has a certain skillset that can help them in their job for example being a film director being professional in the film industry means that you need to have knowledge of media production and communication to be thorough and pay attention to detail, the ability to work well with others, leadership skills, the ability to use your initiative, the ability to accept criticism and work well under pressure, ambition, and a desire to succeed.
Managing own activates- Being able to manage your own activates in the film sector is good as you need to be able to prioritise the different tasks you will come across in the film sector.
Maintaining Skills- In the film industry there is a certain skillset you need to be able to maintain to have a good film career.
Contribution to team projects- Team projects help to keep clear lines of communication between all the different departments on set. So, contribution to team projects is essential in the film industry as it will help move a project alone quicker.
Communication skills- effective communication skills needed when working with the film industry as you need to be able to comment on the different things that are going to happen in the new tasks. Having verbal, non-verbal, written, and digital are good skills to have when taking part in the film industry.
Task 3: Company Universal pictures
Public service media: Public broadcasting involves radio, television, and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters such as the BBC receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing, and commercial financing.
Commercial media: is media that is privately owned by larger companies and corporations. The sole purpose of commercial media is to make money off their programs and advertising. ITV is an example of commercial media.
Independent media: is any media, such as television, newspapers or Internet-based publications, that is free of influence by government or corporate interests.
An example of an independent media company is big talk productions.
Vertical Integration: is when a Media Company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution. An example of this is , a 20th Century Fox owns the studios in Hollywood, they also own the cinemas, the TV channels and the DVD rental shops.
Horizontal integration: Is when two similar media companies merge an example of this is Walt disney with the expansion of Pixar animated studios.
Cross-media: Marketing is using a variety of media forms to integrate your marketing message into peoples' consciousness.
Multiplatform Media- Multiplatform media use describes the act of consuming two or more media platforms at the same time.
Multinational company has factories, offices, and business activities in many different countries.
Career opportunities:
Nature of the film industry:
The nature of the film industry: The film industry or motion picture industry comprises the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking. Looking in particular at the comapny Universal pictures the nature of Universal pictures is an American film studio, owned by Comcast and is one of Hollywood's "Big Six" film studios.
Size of the industry: The film industry is extremely big with a market size estimation of 95.45 billion. The film industry is one of the largest media industries. The size of Universal pictures is extremly large at a Universal net worth as of May 19, 2023 is $1.29B.
Ownership: There is no singular person that owns the film industry. The film industry is controlled by six major Hollywood studios: Disney; Warner Brothers; Paramount; Fox; Universal; Columbia. Ownership in films relates to copyright in films is generally owned by the person who arranged for the film to be made. Universal pictures is owned by Comcast and partened NBCUniversal.
Regulation: There are different regulations in the film industry the BBFC uses published Classification Guidelines for certain age ranges, ensuring that the content of the film is age appropriate, and that children or young people do not see films that are unsuitable for them. Universal pictures is regulated by Peter Cramer who is President of Universal Pictures.
Finance- The producer is responsible for funding the film until that point and must pay any additional costs if the film goes over-budget. The producer will then take that contract to a bank for a traditional bank loan or to equity investors as collateral. Universal pictures is a private company that has been in the industry for 111 years. It is funded by the company that owns them Comcast which governs over the finical cooperations of universal pictures.
Organisational structure-
The movie industry involves many jobs including directors, actors, producers, designers, screenwriters, mixers, cinematographers, and editors. Films go through four major phases of production: development, pre-production, production, and post-production.
Management- The Management team for Universal pictures splits and divides the management roles into different sectors. There is a president, senior executives, vice presidents, executive chairman's, global communications mangers, and human resources mangers. These managers all take control of different sectors within the universal pictures studios and each role they play helps produce different movies within the universal sector.
Creative- Creative job roles in the universal pictures sector include Creative Directors, Art Directors, Production Designers, Attraction Designers, Show Producers, Media Producers. In the film sector, being a creative overseer is a job that people possess. For example, it is the director's job to visualize the script and to bring together the work of everyone in the production – actors or participants, camera, lighting, sound, art, and costume teams – to realize that vision.
Technical- Technical roles in Universal Pictures are technology officers. Michael Wise is the Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer at Universal Pictures. Technical roles in film involve behind the scenes work and different technical roles in film are learning Technology, sound editing and recording, understanding software, cinematography, mastering screenwriting, working with technical departments, multitasking, shooting with drones. Technical roles in Universal Pictures are technology officers.
Administrative - In the Universal picture company one of the administrative job roles is the Global Head of Human Resources. Lissa Freed is the Global Head of Human Resources for the Universal Picture Entertainment Group with HR oversight for all global film operations including production, marketing, distribution, and corporate functions, as well as close partnerships with third party productions .There are different administrative career opportunities in film, for example working to help with the production of a film as a Production secretary or a PA manager.
Distribution- In universal picture studio distribution is handled by the parent company NBCUniversal. The head of distribution for Universal Pictures is Veronika Kwan Vandenberg. Universal pictures has the ablity to disrubute products universal pictures distribution is normally handed by answering to its parent company NBCUniversal who hands the deal over to Universal pictures, through the company’s agreement with An example of this is when NBCUniversal, announced a $3.8 billion deal to buy DreamWorks Animation. Film distribution is a process allowing films to be shown to audiences. It does not matter if the film has the backing of a major studio or director or is a smaller, independent film: they all go through a process of trying to find distributors.
Legal and ethical issues:
Representation of groups and individuals- Universal Pictures has a longstanding commitment to increasing diversity. According to the comcast website that owns Universal pictures the seventh installment of the Fast and Furious franchise directed by James Wan, is another example of Universal Pictures’ dedication to diversity and inclusion. Their different cast members of all races and ethnicity showcase this.
Represntation of groups and individuals: Universal pictures have to accurately represent groups and individulas to make sure their company is ethical and represents everyone. It matters because an accurate portrayal of society affects both the over-and under-represented groups of society. Whereas an inaccurate, often offensive portrayal is harmful to both entire communities and also individual people.
Representation of religion- Universal pictures makes sure to adhere to the ethical issue of representing religions, in order to ensure that there isn’t any backlash Representation of religion in the film industry is extremely important as it is essential that all religions are presented fairly and without a bias as an inaccurate version can offended people and cause the film or movie to not be allowed to air.
Use of language- Universal Pictures include age ratings depending of their use of language throughout films.Is important in the film industry as most films require dialogue so it is imperative that language is being used effectively and not used to harm or offend anyone. Depending on the age rating of the movie the use of language may differ.
Accessibility- Universal Picture movies are accessed via a new mobile advertising campaign that incorporates social media such as Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest. The studio is running the mobile ads within Pandoras iPhone application. Universal Pictures has ran mobile ads in the past to promote its films. And one streaming services such as Hulu. Accessibility consists of is to outline the general requirements and the protocols expected to ensure that standards and consideration by all parties, to all effected, is a priority.
Content- Content is what is being presented to the audience, or what the movie is about on the surface. Form is how the movie is presented. For example, two very different films can share the same content, form being what makes them different from one another.
Representation- Representation is important in film as it is imperative to showcase all different types of diverse groups in society.
Defamation – Is the act of slandering someones character and ruining their reputation which is illegal and not allowed in the film industry.
Watershed- The watershed means the time when TV programmes which might be unsuitable for children can be broadcast.
Language- It is important that the language used in media isnt offensive or inappropriate.
Stereotyping- is to have a set idea about what a particular type of person is like, especially an idea that is wrong. Stereotyping is common in the film industry as filmmakers often rely heavily on stereotypes, because they're a quick and simple way to establish a movie character's traits.
Incitement to commit crimes - the encouragement of another person to commit a crime if your film has the incitement to commit crimes your film can be banned from being shown as that is illegal.
Interpretation and Application of Laws Related to Media - Media law governs what can be published and broadcast. Some of the elements that media law includes are censorship and the tort of defamation, as well as privacy. This area of law also relates to intellectual property law.
Copyright- it protects your work and stops others from using it without your permission.
Intellectual Property - refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce. It gives creators confidence that they own their work, and that they will be entitled to manage the distribution of the finished product.
Libel - To publish in…television or film, an untruth about another which will do harm to that person or his/her reputation, by tending to bring the target into ridicule, hatred, scorn or contempt of others.
Privacy- is important in the film industry as well and you need permission from camera crew members whether or not there allowed to be filmed.
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