Introduction
Pre-production is the task you do before you begin filming a production, for example finding a location, having a storyboard, script, hiring cast and crew, finding a suitable budget for the film, and doing a risk assessment template. These things are usually done by producers and directors. The second stage of creating a media product is production during the production stage footage is being recorded and scenes are being filmed for the actual movie. The production stage is essential for producers to use a script to create a movie. Once the film is in the production stage finically the film will not be able to stop being created. Postproduction is the final part when creating a movie. You must edit the video footage, edit the soundtrack, add tiles and graphics, and even use special effects, you can also reshoot certain needs if necessary.
Requirements for specific media sections
The media sector I will be focusing on is film. The pre-production stage for film differs from other media sectors such as video games and radio. The preproduction for the video game sector differs from film as you must figure out a care concept which Is where you figure out what are the pillars of the game, what is the target audience and what are the major features of the game. You also must prove that there is a target audience for the game you would like to produce. You must use ads to attract a target audience to find out how well their ad will take to the game. Also, you must figure out the game progressions and the events making sure you have key numbers, monetization, and gameplay. You must create prototypes for the games which differ from a film production as during the making of a film you do not have to create prototypes, you must ensure the characters in your game appeal to a target audience. Finally, to complete a video game pre-production you need to plan a pipeline and figure out the team responsibilities. You need to identify people in the game the producer, developer and game developer. You must create documentation that lists every aspect of the game.
When it comes to radio production you have to find the music and provide microphones, this differs from film pre-production as you do not have to create a location recee or write a storyboard.
Good and effective media production can help you save time and money. If everything is planned out effectively you are less likely to waste resources and run out of time and money. A good and effective video game production has an affirmed target audience and breakdown of your script. Similarly, a good radio script has a speaker, an actor and a well-planned out script.
Ineffective pre-production can result in a faulty script that is not planned out effectively and therefore an ineffective media product.
Finance
Private production companies get their money from a variety of diverse sources, including private investment, share offerings, European government money and profit from previous projects. If you are based in the Uk. The British Film Institute is known for believing in writers and creative producers. They finance a wide range of scripts and production slates, so government funding is another way private companies bet their money. Finally successful actors often fund movies with the hope that they will potentially get the starring role or if they feel this movie will be good this is how private production companies get their funding. Films often spend their money on things like costume props, hiring actors, finding a location, so the more money put into a film the better quality it is likely to be.
Independent film companies get their money from investors, tax credits and other personal sources that they have.
Joint production companies get all their funding from either an investor or partner so that later when the film is released, they then can profit share.
Other media sectors such as radio rely on sponsorship and payments from larger organizations to be able to get funding this is therefore why radio company channels are full of ads from local and national brands this is the same with digital radio as most radio companies rely on advertisement to be able to have funding.
Video game development has typically been funded by large publishing companies or are alternatively paid for mostly by the developers themselves as independent titles. Other funding may come from government incentives or from private funding.
Logistics
A film production schedule is a plan that every film, TV show, or commercial follows to make sure that the video production goes smoothly. It is a simple breakdown of the scenes, talent, time, cast, company moves, and day breaks. It lists everything that Is going to happen throughout the day and can be used as a guide when filming a script.
When managing a production, you need to ensure you have a script, budget, hire your cast and crew and prep your shoot days and make a location recee this essential for any media production as you need to make sure that you have effectively planned your production schedule so everything can run smoothly.
In film the first stage of production is the idea development stage where an idea or concept, on which a film will be based, is proposed, and evaluated for its creative and commercial worth. Once the idea or concept is accepted, it is expanded into a screenplay which is the deliverable of this first stage. This process includes a lot of to and from leading to lengthy discussions, debates, and meetings, hence taking a long time. The screenplay can be compared to the scope or charter of the project. This is relevant as this first stage helps with the development of a film production schedule.
In video games the first stage is also the planning stage where they must answer the questions what platform will the game be on? What is their budget? And who Is their target audience? This helps during a production schedule as you need to know all these things in order to be able to plan a schedule as you need to gather all your ideas first.
Locations
Production companies find locations by scouting out different places by travelling around the world and making sure all their locations are safe by completing a location recee. Different movie sets may travel across various places just to find out the right set for example in the grand Budapest hotel they had to use an old department store to act as a hotel.
Sourcing Personnel and Equipment
To ensure production is completed different personal equipment is needed. The personal equipment needed for filming is a Highly portable camera, Tripod , External microphone, Lighting, Gimbal, Editing/production software, Video editing hardware, Transcription service , High-Quality Memory Cards, Capture Cards and Dummy Battery. These pieces of equipment are used to ensure production runs effectively and the producers and directors are able to film the movie properly.
Production companies must buy these specific pieces of equipment to make sure they have the best high-quality film. The higher quality the film is the more revenue the film gets.
Another sector is radio and the specific equipment used for radio are Mixer Console, Microphones, Headphones, Headphones distributor, Active Speakers Monitors, Mic Arms. These pieces of equipment differ from film, this is because to run a radio show successfully the equipment you need differs from film.
In radio the most significant role is a broadcaster or Dj this is because it is essential for a radio production to take place you need to have a likeable radio voice on The DJ should know a broad range of music and music trivia and must be able to link songs and segments together.
In film the most vital role is a producer and director for the film to be directed and distributed you need a producer and director is why they are the most important roles when it comes to producing a film.
In radio the most important piece of equipment that is used is a computer, this is because you can use it when producing the radio show.
In film a camera is the most important piece of equipment as you need it to ensure all the scenes are filmed and to even make a movie itself you need to ensure you have a camera.
Materials
Before production can begin the specific media materials needed for production are hiring cast and crew, scout locations, health, and safety assessment, shot list, script storyboard and finalizing your budget.
The most important material needed when filming is location scouting as without having a set location you will not be able to film.
Similarly, the most important material needed when filming on radio is also location as without a location you cannot create a media product.
Legal and ethical requirements
There are a few legal requirements all production companies must follow to ensure their work is legal and ethical. The first legal requirement they must follow is copyright. Script writers and production companies cannot use copywrite materials without permission or plagiarize content. Defamation of character is also a legal requirement that scriptwriters must consider as they can be sued for defamation of character, libel, and slander. They also must credit sources to avoid any legal issues.
There is a list of ethical considerations that scriptwriters must think about before they write a script. For example, they must think about moral censorship o they cannot show anything that can be deemed as morally wrong such as child pornography. Military censorship anyone work scriptwriters produce they must make sure they keep military intelligence and tactics confidential, and they cannot air theses to any viewers. Political censorship scriptwriters cannot try to intervein with the readers political views and hold back information from citizens this tactic is often done to exert power and control and it is an ethical consideration writers must think about when they are writing a script. Religious censorship is also an ethical consideration and its that’s scriptwriters cannot show or write material that is shuns or puts down other religions and makes one seem more dominant than the other. Also, cooperative censorship is another ethical consideration that scriptwriters need to consider. This is when they are writing scripts, this is because they need to make sure that they aren't showing any business cooperation's in a negative light.
One script that did not meet legal requirements was a short film made in 1989 that was banned for blasphemous libel called Visons of Ecstasy. Visions of ecstasy was a 19-minute short film that was directed and written by Nigel Wingrove it was banned by the British broadcasting film classification as it was set in the 16th century and in the offending scene a Spanish Nunn St Thersea of Avila caressed Jesuses body on the cross.
The BBFC did say if the scene were removed then they could air the movie. However, because it was only a short film it would take away half of the running time of the film. In 2008 the blasphemous libel law was removed, and Nigel Wingrove was asked to resubmit his work. However, he was unsure on whether he should. But after 23 years the film visions of ecstasy were unbanned and got an 18 rating.
Not adhering to these rules can result in you getting sued or your media product not being able to be distributed to the public.
In film a legal consideration is copywrite meaning they need to make sure they do not steal any ideas from other film sectors and try to pass it up as their own. The people that need to adhere to these codes are the producers. For video games they need to make sure they legally follow all the guidelines set by Pegi who age rate all their games failure to do so will result in the game being taken down.
Health and safety requirements
Production companies must make sure they are following health and safety requirements such as making sure a risk template is completed before production to make sure the health and safety of all the people on set are taken seriously.
This intel's them doing full risks assessments on each location they scout and making sure everyone is covered by insurance.
When it comes to filming, all the sets and separate locations should be checked by the production manager and director to make sure they are safe, and no actors will be harmed. It is also necessary for them to check if all the props and extra equipment are safe for use especially regarding the 1993 case when Brandon Lee died from a prop gun in the filming of The Crow.
Storyboard
Illustrations- Pictures are used to demonstrate what are going to happen in each scene and directly depict the scene
Speech is used under each text box to analyses what is happening in the picture
A storyboard is a script drawn out to show what really filming the film looks like.
Script
STYLE
Language is used in the opening pilot scenes of the Handmaid's tale to highlight and convey a growing tension and animosity that is building between the characters. It can be argued that this growing tension in the first scenes sets the tone for the rest of the script as it is clear something unfortunate is going to happen.
CONTENT
Scene headings, transitions, directors telling the actors what to do and dialogue with character names above them which are all conventions of a script are used in the Handmaid’s tale. The scene headings are used to communicate where the characters are and what is happening in the scene.
The writer's directions are used to tell a story in the pilot script and the directions are also slightly informal an example is ‘she ran for her life’ which is hyperbolic as the actor is not actually going to run for her life, but it highlights what the writer wants the actor to convey.
The Handmaid's tale is nonlinear, so the 3-act structure is more difficult to identify here as it cannot be seen as clearly as a beginning middle and end as the story is a recollection of Offred's memories.
GENRE
The genre of this script comes under the categories of a dystopian sci-fi tragedy.
TARGET AUDIENCE
The Handmaid's tale is recommended for a target audience over the age of 13 as the story contains a lot of graphic scenes. It is also recommended to males and females with socio political interests because the show talks about ideologies, laws, and practices.
Functions of pre-production
When considering pre-production, it is important to revise ideas as this is the producer's chance to make sure their media product has a coherent structure and flows properly. They need to make sure their structure appeals to a certain target audience, and they will be able to see this by revising ideas. Also, this is the producers' only chance to make sure all their ideas make sense and work as once you start production finically you cannot turn back. This links to the pre-production documents you need to create as when revising ideas, it is important to think about your location and the props you are going to have which is then helpful when creating a location recee and props list.
It is essential that as a media producer you visualize content and ensure that anything you want to use can logically be used when creating a movie this phase can be used during the pre-production stage when location scouting and hiring cast and crew this is because you need to visualize the content you want to display and when creating location recee and hiring talent you need to make sure you are feasibly able to produce these ideas based on the content you visualize and the pre-production documents you create.
To make sure a production works you must make sure it is feasible this means that you need to ensure that you are able to create the product meaning you must check your set budget and create a health and safety assessment form all things needed in pre-production but also crucial steps in #you are able to create your film and the plan is feasible.
Evaluation
Pre-production is vital to all members of the crew. It ensures that the entire crew knows exactly what is going on. If they need to know why we are shooting in a certain way, or why we are shooting in a certain place, they can see the entire process that we have gone through to get to where we are.
It helps make sure that before you even create the film that everything can legally and ethically go ahead and be create and that the production company is able to follow the rules when it comes to creating a film production to ensure that movie is of a high quality and deemed feasible to go ahead.
Pre-production is so important as it provides an organized structure and ensures that every single film element is shown and completed.
Bibliography
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